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al1663/al1663r document number: ds38466 rev. 2 - 2 1 of 15 www.diodes.com march 2017 ? diodes incorporated al1663/al16 63r universal flyback and buck-boost single stage dimmable led controller description the al1663/al1663r is a high performance single stage flybac k and buck-boost controller, targeting dimmable led lighting application. it is a primary side regulation (psr) controller which can provide accurate constant current (cc) regulation without opto- coupler and secondary control circuitry. it is operating at bcm mode and switching at the valley which results in good emi and eff iciency . with working in constant on time, the system achieves high pf and low total harmonic distortion (thd) under universal input volt age. the al1663/al1663r can support multiple dimming modes. when a 0.3v to 2.4v dc signal is applied on apwm pin, the device will operate in analog dimming mode. when a digital signal is applied on apwm pin, the device works at pwm dimming mode. and for al1 663 when a digital signal is applied on pwmd pin and the apwm p in is connected with a hundreds of nf capacitor, the device will work in pwm- to -dc dimming mode. the al1663/al1663r features low start-up current and low operation current. it integrates multiple protections including over voltage, short circuit, over current and over temperature protection. the al1663/al1663r is available in so-8 package. features ? primary side regulation without opto-coupler ? valley switching for low switching loss ? low start-up current ? high pf and low thd ? high efficiency ? tight led current variation range ? tight output open voltage variation range ? support both pwm dimming and analog dimming ? internal protections ? under voltage lock out (uvlo) ? output over voltage protection (ovp) ? output short protection (osp) ? over current protection (ocp) ? thermal fold-back protection (tfp) ? over temperature protection (otp) ? low system cost ? package: so-8 ? totally lead-free & fully rohs compliant (notes 1 & 2) ? halogen and antimony free. green device (note 3 ) pin assignments (top view) al1663 al1663r so -8 so -8 applications ? general led lighting driver with dimming function ? general purpose constant current source ? led backlighting driver ? smart led lighting note s: 1 . no purposely added lead. fully eu directive 2002/95/ec (rohs) & 2011 /65/eu (rohs 2) compliant. 2. see http://www.diodes.com/quality/lead_free.html for more information about diodes incorporateds definitions of hal ogen- and antimony-free, "green" and lead-free. 3. halogen- and antimony-free "gr een products are defined as those which contain <900ppm bromine, <90 0ppm chlorine (<1500ppm total br + cl) and <1000ppm antimony compounds. 12 3 4 8 6 5 7 apwm pwmd comp cs gnd fb out vcc 12 3 4 8 6 5 7 nc fb cs gnd out apwm vcc comp
al1663/al1663r document number: ds38466 rev. 2 - 2 2 of 15 www.diodes.com march 2017 ? diodes incorporated al1663/al16 63r typical applications circuit t1 out + vcc out cs gnd u1 r5 r6 r4 d1 c6 r th ac input f 1 vr 1 db1 c2 l1 c1 r cs r10 fb comp d2 c5 r14 c7 d3 q1 ccomp aux pwmd r9 d4 al1663 apwm rcomp cvcc al1663 flyback application circuit t1 out vcc out cs gnd r5 r6 r4 d1 c6 r th ac input f 1 vr 1 db1 c2 l1 c1 r cs fb comp q1 ccomp aux pwmd r9 d4 al1663 rcomp cvcc d3 + r11 apwm al1663 buck-boost application circuit t1 out + vcc out cs gnd u1 r5 r6 r4 d1 c6 r th ac input f 1 vr 1 db1 c2 l1 c1 r cs r10 fb comp d2 c5 r14 c7 d3 q1 ccomp aux nc r9 d4 apwm rcomp cvcc al1663r al1663r flyback application circuit
al1663/al1663r document number: ds38466 rev. 2 - 2 3 of 15 www.diodes.com march 2017 ? diodes incorporated al1663/al16 63r pin descriptions pin number pin name function al1663 al1663r 1 8 apwm analog dimming input pin or pwm signal input pin in pwm dimming mode 2 pwmd pwmd signal input pin in pwm- to -dc dimming mode 1 nc not connected 3 7 comp loop compensation pin 4 3 cs current s ens e pin, connect this pin to the source of the primary switch 5 4 gnd ground 6 5 out gate driver output 7 6 vcc supply voltage of gate driver and control circuits of the ic 8 2 fb the feedback voltage sensing from the auxiliary winding functional block diagram valley detector logical control uvlo &bias driver - + comp fb ovp cs vcc out gm otp gnd dim control v ref pwmd apwm buffer - + 1.2v ocp tfp v ref v ref temperature detector tfp otp 1(8) 2 3(7) 4(3) 5(4) 8(2) 7(6) 6(5) a(b) a for al1663 b for al1663r
al1663/al1663r document number: ds38466 rev. 2 - 2 4 of 15 www.diodes.com march 2017 ? diodes incorporated al1663/al16 63r absolute maximum ratings (@ t a = +25c, unless otherwise specified.) (note 4) symbol parameter rating unit v cc power supply voltage -0.3 to 30 v v cs voltage at cs to gnd -0.3 to 7 v v fb fb i nput -0.3 to 7 v v comp loop compensation p in -0.3 to 7 v v out driver output voltage -0.3 to 20 v v pwmd voltage at pwmd to gnd -0.3 to 7 v v apwm voltage at apwm to gnd -0.3 to 7 v t j operating junction temperature -40 to + 150 o c t stg storage temperature -65 to + 150 o c t lead lead temperature (soldering, 10 sec) + 300 o c p d power dissipation at t a = + 50 o c 0.65 w ja thermal resistance (junction to ambient) 150 o c /w jc thermal resistance (junction to case) 23 c/w esd (human body model) 2000 v cdm (charged-device model) 1000 v note: 4. stresses greater than thos e listed under absolute maximum ratings may cause permanent dama ge to the device. these are stress ratings only, and functional operation of the device at these or any other conditions be yond those indicated under recommended operating conditions is not implied. exposure to absolute maximum ratings for extended periods may affect de vice reliability. all voltages unless otherwise stated and measured with respect to gnd. recommended operating conditions (@ t a = +25c, unless otherwise specified.) symbol parameter min max unit t a ambient temperature (note 5) - 40 + 105 c note: 5. the device may operate normally at +125 c ambient temperature under the condition not triggers temperature protection.
al1663/al1663r document number: ds38466 rev. 2 - 2 5 of 15 www.diodes.com march 2017 ? diodes incorporated al1663/al16 63r electrical characteristics (@ t a = +25c, unless otherwise specified.) symbol parameter condition min typ max unit uvlo section v cc _ th startup threshold voltage 17 18.5 20 v v o pr _ min minimal operating voltage after turn on 7 7. 8 8.5 v v cc _ ovp vcc ovp voltage 25 27 29.9 v standby current section i st startup current v cc = v cc _ th -0.5v, before start up 0.8 a i cc operating current fb, cs connect to gnd, c gate = 100pf 1 ma i cc _ ovp shunt current in ovp mode v cc > v cc_ovp 5 ma drive output section t r output voltage rise time (note 6) c l = 1nf 90 ns t f output voltage fall time (note 6) c l = 1nf 30 ns v out_ clamp output clamp voltage v cc = 20v 13 14 15 v t on _ min minimum on time (note 6) 400 ns t on _ max maximum on time 22 s t off_ max maximum off time 35 s t off_ min minimum off time 2 s f max maximum frequency 150 k hz internal cs reference v ref internal reference voltage 0.291 0.3 0.309 v v cs _ ocp primary current clamp voltage 1.2 v error amplifier gm trans-conductance 16.7 a/v i source amplifier source current 10 a feedback input section v fb _ cv fb cv threshold 1.4 1.5 1.6 v apwm section v apwm_ l pwm signal low threshold voltage 0.3 v v apwm_ h pwm signal high threshold voltage 2.4 v linear dimming range on apwm 0.3 2.4 v pwmd section v pwm_l pwm signal low threshold voltage 0.4 v v pwm_h pwm signal high threshold volta ge 2 v thermal fold-back section t reg overheating temperature regulation (note 6) +145 o c over temperature protection section shutdown temperature (notes 6 , 7) +1 65 o c notes : 6 . these parameters, although guaranteed by design, are not 100 % tested in production. 7. the device will latch when otp happens and the device wont operate constantly at t his temperature.
al1663/al1663r document number: ds38466 rev. 2 - 2 6 of 15 www.diodes.com march 2017 ? diodes incorporated al1663/al16 63r performance characteristics (note 8) start up threshold voltage vs. ambient temperature minim um operating voltage vs. ambient temperature operating current vs . ambient temperature fb cv threshold vs. ambient temperature internal reference voltage vs. ambient temperature fb cv threshold vs. v cc voltage -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 18.0 18.5 19.0 19.5 20.0 v cc_th (v) ambient temperature ( o c) -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 i cc (ma) ambient temperature ( o c) -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 v fb_cv (v) ambient temperature ( o c) -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 7.0 7.2 7.4 7.6 7.8 8.0 v opr_min (v) ambient temperature ( o c) 9 12 15 18 21 24 27 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 v fb_cv (v) v cc voltage(v) -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 288 292 296 300 304 308 312 v ref (mv) ambient temperature ( o c)
al1663/al1663r document number: ds38466 rev. 2 - 2 7 of 15 www.diodes.com march 2017 ? diodes incorporated al1663/al16 63r performance characteristics (cont.) internal reference voltage vs. v cc voltage note : 8 . these electrical characteristics are tested under dc condition. the ambient tempe rature is equal to the junction temperature of the device. application information the al1663/al1663r is a constant current high pf flyback a nd buck-boost controller with primary side regulation (psr) , targeting led lighting applications. the device eliminates the opto-couplers or the s econdary feedback circuits, which will help to cost down t he whole system. high power factor is achieved by constant on time operation. in order to reduce the switching losses and improve emi performance, quasi-resonant switching mode is applied. the al1663/al1663r integrates multipl e protections including uvlo protection, v cc over voltage protection, output open voltage protection, over current protection, therma l fold-back protection and over temperature protection. the al1663/al1663r can support multiple dimming modes including analog dimming mode, pwm- to -dc dimming mode and pwm dimming. t1 out + vcc out cs gnd u1 r5 r6 r4 d1 c6 r th ac input f 1 vr 1 db1 c2 l1 c1 r cs r10 fb comp d2 c5 r14 c7 d3 q1 ccomp aux pwmd r9 d4 al1663 apwm rcomp cvcc figure 1 . al1663 typical flyback application schematic t1 out + vcc out cs gnd u1 r5 r6 r4 d1 c6 r th ac input f 1 vr 1 db1 c2 l1 c1 r cs r10 fb comp d2 c5 r14 c7 d3 q1 ccomp aux nc r9 d4 al1663r apwm rcomp cvcc figure 2. al1663r flyback application circuit 9 12 15 18 21 24 27 290 295 300 305 310 v ref (mv) v cc voltage(v)
al1663/al1663r document number: ds38466 rev. 2 - 2 8 of 15 www.diodes.com march 2017 ? diodes incorporated al1663/al16 63r application information (cont.) start- up after ac supply is powered on, the capacitor cvcc acro ss v cc and gnd pin will be charged up by bus voltage through a s tart-up resistor r th . once v cc reaches v cc _ th , the internal blocks start to work. v cc will be supplied by v bus until the auxiliary winding of flyback transformer could supply enough energy to maintain v cc above v opr_ min . if v cc voltage is lower than v opr_ min switch will be turned off. after v cc exceeds v cc _ th , the drive block wont start to switch on/off signals unti l v comp is over the initial voltage v comp_ st which can be programmed by r comp . the formula is shown as below. such design can program sta rtup on time to reduce the startup time or reduce the output overshoot current. comp st comp r a v v ? ? ? ? 700 4.1 _ where v comp_st is the pre-charged voltage of comp pin. r comp is shown as figures 1 and 2. generally, a big capacitance of c comp is necessary to achieve high power factor and stabilize t h e system loop (1f to 2f is recommended). the pre -charged voltage in start-up procedure can be programme d by r comp . protections 1. output open protection (ovp) the output voltage is reflected by the voltage on transf ormers auxiliary winding. both fb pi n and v cc pin of ic integrate over voltage protection function. when there is a rapid line and load transient, th e output voltage may exceed the regulated value. if v cc exceeds v cc _ ovp or v fb exceeds v fb _ cv , the over voltage protection will be triggered, switch wil l be turned off and v cc will be discharged. once v cc is below v opr_ min . the ic will shut down and be power ed on again by bus voltage through start up resistor. thus, output over voltage depends on the minimum voltage between both ovp protections limitation. it can be gotten by below formula. __ 56 , 6 ss ovp cc ovp fb cv aux aux nn rr v min v v n n r ?? ? ? ? ? ? ???? where v ovp is the output over voltage setting; r5 and r6 that is s hown as figure 1 divide reflected voltage. n aux is the turns of auxiliary wind; n s is turns of the secondary wind. v cc_ovp is ovp voltage of v cc. 2. output short protection (osp) when the output is shorted, the output voltage is cla mped to zero. the output voltage of the auxiliary winding, wh ich is proportional to the output winding, will drop down too. once v cc is below v opr_ min , the ic will shut down and power on again by the bus v oltage through the start up resistor. 3. over current protection (ocp) the al1663/al1663r has a build-in cycle by cycle over curren t protection of primary inductor current. when cs pin volta ge reaches the voltage v cs_ocp , switch will be turn ed off until next switch period. the maximum peak current (i peak (max) ) of the inductor can be calculated as below: ? ? _ cs ocp peak max cs v i r ? where v cs _ ocp means primary current clamp voltage that is 1.2v. r cs is current sense resistor which is shown as figure s 1 and 2. 4. thermal fold-back protection (tfp) the al1663/al1663r has thermal fold-back function: it adopt s self-adaptive control method which can prevent the sys tem from breaking down caused by over temperature. the overheating temperature is set at +145c. when the temperature of the ic is high er than this point; the device will decrease the voltage reference of the cs linearly t ill otp happens. by this way, the device can limit systems input power at high ambient temperature, preventing systems temperature increases f urther.
al1663/al1663r document number: ds38466 rev. 2 - 2 9 of 15 www.diodes.com march 2017 ? diodes incorporated al1663/al16 63r application information (cont.) 5. over temperature protection (otp) the al1663/al1663r has build-in over temperature prote ction (otp) function. when the temperature goes up to +16 5c, the over temperature protection will be triggered, which leads to a latch mode prot ection. when otp happens, the system need to be powered off and on again to restart. output constant-current control according to the definition of mean output current, the m ean output current can be obtained as below. dt t t i i sw ons sp mean o ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 0 _ 2 1 1 where i o_mean is the mean output current; i sp is secondary peak current of transformer; t ons is discharge time of secondary side of transformer; t sw is the switch period. according to the principle of al1663/al1663r close loop contr ol, the voltage of r cs will be sampled when switch is turned off and the value will be held until discharge time t ons is over. it can be described by following formula: dt t t r i v sw ons cs p ref ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 0 1 where i p is primary peak current of transformer; r cs is current sense resistor which is shown as figure s 1 and 2. t ons is discharge time of secondary side of transformer; t sw is the switch period. v ref is internal reference voltage that is equal to 0.3v. the peak current at secondary side has following relationship w ith primary side peak current, if the effect of the leak age inductor is neglect ed. sp ps p i n i ?? where n ps is the turns ratio of flyback transformer (n ps =1 for buck-boost); i p is the primary peak current of the transformer. according to these above formulas, the mean output curre nt can be induced finally by below expressions. _ 2 ps ref o mean cs nv i r ? ? ? where i o_mean is the mean output current; r cs is current sense resistor which is shown as figure s 1 and 2; v ref is internal reference voltage that is equal to 0.3v; n ps is the turns ratio of flyback transformer (n ps =1 for buck-boost); therefore, the constant output current control can be realized with appropriate parameter design. pf and thd compensation circuit for normal application, al1663/al1663r can provide high pf an d low thd. but there is a phase difference between input current and input voltage especially at high input voltage, thus pf and thd may n ot be the best situation. the below circuit can optimize this situation by reducing the phase difference. v bus is connected to the voltage point after rectifier. in n ormal application resistor r n1 is usually a several hundred k resistor, r n2 is a hundred resist o r, c n1 is a several f capacitor. pf and thd can be improved b y debugging these components. comp ccomp rcomp v bus c n1 r n1 r n2 figure 3. pf and thd optimization circuit
al1663/al1663r document number: ds38466 rev. 2 - 2 10 of 15 www.diodes.com march 2017 ? diodes incorporated al1663/al16 63r 0 20 40 60 80 100 0 20 40 60 80 100 output current percentage (%) pwm duty (%) application information (cont.) dimming mode the al1663 can support three dimming modes: analog dimming, pwm - to -dc dimming and pwm dimming. the al1663r can support two dimming modes: analog dimming and pwm dimming. 1. analog dimming mode in analog dimming mode, the dimming signal is added to apwm pin directly to realize dimming function. the setting circuit is sh own as figure 4. a capacitance of hundreds nf is recommended for c apwm . when v apwm is higher than 2.4v, the driver will output 100% of rat ed current; when the voltage v apwm is in the range from 0.3 to 2.4v, the output current will change linearly with the voltage v apwm . when v apwm is lower than 0.3v, switch will be turned off and the output current drops to zero. the dimming curve is shown as figure 5 and the dim ming range is from 12% to 100% . figure 4. analog dimming setting circuit figure 5. analog dimming curve 2. pwm- to -dc dimming mode in pwm- to -dc dimming mode, pwm dimming signal is added to pwmd pin. the setting circuit is shown as below figure 6. a capacitance of hundreds nf is recommended for c apwm . the duty cycle of the dimming signal d dim is reflected by the voltage on apwm pin v apwm . 2.4 apwm dim v d v ?? where d dim is duty of pwm signal; v apwm is the voltage of apwm pin. thus the output current will change with the duty cycle of dimming signal d dim . for example, the dimming curve is shown as figure 7. the dimming range is 12% to 100%. figure 6. pwm to dc dimming setting circuit figure 7. pwm to dc dimming curve (pw m frequency is 500hz) 3. pwm dimming mode in pwm dimming mode, dimming signal will be added to apwm pin .the setting circuit is shown as figure 8. the output current is chopped by the dimming signal directly. the logic high level of the dimming signal needs t o be higher 2.4v while the logic low level is lower than 0.3v. switch is turn ed off at logic low level. the dimming curve is shown as figure 9. the dimming range can be 100 to 1% with 1khz frequency o f pwm signal. figure 8. pwm dimming setting circuit figure 9. pwm dimming curve (pwm fre quency is 1 khz) 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 0 20 40 60 80 100 output current percent (%) v apmw (v) 0 20 40 60 80 100 0 20 40 60 80 100 output current percent (%) pwm duty (%) apwm al1663/al1663r 0.3-2.4v dimming signal c apwm apwm pwmd al1663 c apwm r apwm al1663/al1663r pwm dimming signal
al1663/al1663r document number: ds38466 rev. 2 - 2 11 of 15 www.diodes.com march 2017 ? diodes incorporated al1663/al16 63r application information (con t.) operation parameters design setting the current sense resistor r cs the current sense resistance can be calculated as following : _ 2 ps ref cs o mean nv r i ? ? ? where i o_mean is the mean output current; r cs is current sense resistor which is shown as fig ure s 1 and 2; v ref is internal reference voltage that is equal to 0.3v; n ps is the turns ratio of flyback transformer (n ps =1 for buck-boost). setting transformer selection (t1) n ps is limited by the electrical stress of the switch mosfet, can be calculated by below formula. _( ) _ _ 90% 2 mos br ds in max s ps o d f v v v n vv ? ? ? ? ? ? ? where v mos_(br)ds is the breakdown voltage of the switch mosfet. v in_max is the max rated input voltage. ? v s is the overshoot voltage clamped by rcd snobbier during off time. v o is the output voltage. v d_ f is the forward voltage of secondary diode. n ps is the turns ratio of flyback transformer (n ps =1 for buck-boost); for boundary conduction mode and constant on time metho d, the peak current of primary inductance can be calc ulated as below. _ _ 0 _ 2 2 sin( ) sin( ) 2 sin( ) o mean p in rms ps in rms ps i i v nd v n vo ? ? ? ?? ? ?? ? ?? ?? ? ? ? ? ? where v in _ rms is the rate input voltage; i p is the primary inductance current. n ps is the turns ratio of flyback transformer (n ps =1 for buck-boost); i o_mean is the mean output current; v o is the output voltage. the switching frequency is not constant for al1663/al166 3r due to boundary conduction mode. to set the minimum switc hing frequency f min at the crest of the minimum ac input, primary inductance can be obtained by below formula. _ _ 2 ( 2 ) in rms ps o p p in rms ps o min v n v l i v n v f ? ? ? ? ? ? ? where v in _ rms is the rate input voltage; i p is the primary inductance current. n ps is the turns ratio of flyback transformer (n ps =1 for buck-boost); i o_mean is the mean output current; v o is the output voltage; f min is the minimum switching frequency at the crest of the minimum ac input. according to the faradays law, the winding number of the indu ctance can be calculated by: pp p em li n ab ? ? ? p s ps n n n ? where, a e is the core effective area. b m is the maximum magnetic flux density.
al1663/al1663r document number: ds38466 rev. 2 - 2 12 of 15 www.diodes.com march 2017 ? diodes incorporated al1663/al16 63r ordering information al1663x x - x package s : so-8 product version packing 13 : 13" tape & reel product name black : al1663 r : al1663r part number package code package 13 tape and reel quantity part number suffix al1663s- 13 s so-8 40 00/tape & reel - 13 al1663rs- 13 s so-8 40 00/tape & reel - 13 marking information al1663 (top view) yy ww x x logo ww : week : 01~52; 52 yy : year : 13, 14, 15~ x x : internal code 8 7 6 5 1 2 3 4 represents 52 and 53 week part number al1663r (top view) yy ww x x logo ww : week : 01~52; 52 yy : year : 13, 14, 15~ x x : internal code 8 7 6 5 1 2 3 4 represents 52 and 53 week part number
al1663/al1663r document number: ds38466 rev. 2 - 2 13 of 15 www.diodes.com march 2017 ? diodes incorporated al1663/al16 63r package outline dimensions (all dimensions in mm.) (1) package type: so-8 0 8 1 7 r 0 . 1 5 0 ( 0 . 0 0 6 ) r0.150(0.006) 1.000(0. 039) 0.300(0. 012) 0.510(0. 020) 1.350(0. 053) 1.750(0. 069) 0.100(0. 004) 0.300(0. 012) 3.800(0. 150) 4.000(0. 157) 7 7 2 0 : 1 d 1.270(0. 050) typ 0.150(0. 006) 0.250(0. 010) 8 d 5.800(0. 228) 6.200(0. 244) 0.600(0. 024) 0.725(0. 029) 0.320(0. 013) 8 0.450(0. 017) 0.820(0. 032) 4.700(0.185) 5.100(0. 201) note: eject hole , oriented hole and mold mark is optional . option 1 option 1 option 2 0. 350 (0. 014) typ typ typ 9 ~ 9 ~
al1663/al1663r document number: ds38466 rev. 2 - 2 14 of 15 www.diodes.com march 2017 ? diodes incorporated al1663/al16 63r suggested pad layout (1) package type: so-8 grid placement courtyard z g y e x dimensions z (mm)/(inch) g (mm)/(inch) x (mm)/(inch) y (mm)/(inch) e (mm)/(inch) value 6.900/0.272 3.900/0.154 0.650/0.026 1.500/0.059 1.270/0.050
al1663/al1663r document number: ds38466 rev. 2 - 2 15 of 15 www.diodes.com march 2017 ? diodes incorporated al1663/al16 63r important notice diodes incorporated makes no warranty of any kind, expres s or implied, with regards to this document, including, but not limited to, the implied warranties of me rchantability and fitness for a particular purpose (and their equivalents under the laws of any jurisdiction). diodes incorporated and its subsidiaries reserve the right to make modifications, enhancements, improvements, correct ions or other changes without further notice to this document and any produ ct described herein. diodes incorporated does not assume any liability arising out of the application or use of this document or any product des cribed herein; neither does diodes incorporated convey a ny license under its patent or trademark rights, nor the rights of others. any custom er or user of this document or products described her ein in such applications shall assume all risks of such use and will agree to hold diodes incorpo rated and all the companies whose products are repres ented on diodes incorporated website, harmless against all damages. diodes incorporated does not warrant or accept any lia bility whatsoever in respect of any products purchased through unauthorized sales channel. should customers purchase or use diodes incorporated prod ucts for any unintended or unauthorized application, cus tomers shall indemnify and hold diodes incorporated and its representatives harmless against all claims, damages, expenses, and attorney fees arising out of, directly or indirectly, any claim of personal injury or death associated with such unintended or unauthorized application. products described herein may be covered by one or more united states, international or foreign patents pending. p roduct names and markings noted herein may also be covered by one or more unite d states, international or foreign trademarks. this document is written in english but may be translated int o multiple languages for reference. only the english version o f this document is the final and determinative format released by diodes incorporat ed. life support diodes incorporated products are specifically not auth orized for use as critical components in life support dev ices or systems without the express written approval of the chief executive officer of diodes i ncorporated. as used herein: a. life support devices or systems are devices or sy stems which: 1. are intended to implant into the body, or 2. support or sustain life and whose failure to perfor m when properly used in accordance with instructions for u se provided in the labeling can be reasonably expected to result in sign ificant injury to the user. b. a critical component is any component in a life sup port device or system whose failure to perform can be reasonably expected to cause the failure of the life support device or to affect i ts safety or effectiveness. customers represent that they have all necessary exp ertise in the safety and regulatory ramifications of their lif e support devices or systems, and acknowledge and agree that they are solely responsible for all legal, regulatory and safety-related requirements concern ing their products and any use of diodes incorporated products in such safety-criti cal, life support devices or systems, notwithstanding any devices- or systems-related information or support that may be provided by diodes incor porated. further, customers must fully indemnify diodes incorp orated and its representatives against any damages arising out of the u se of diodes incorporated products in such safety-crit ical, life support devices or systems. copyright ? 2017, diodes incorporated www.diodes.com

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